Prospective identification of potential factors influencing stem cell mobilization and the necessity for plerixafor use in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation

ABSTRACT Introduction: To study the efficacy and safety of single large volume leukapheresis by using generic G-CSF or G-CSF plus Plerixafor in achieving adequate stem cell yield and various factors influencing thereof in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplant . Method: This prospective study was undertaken among 55 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplant and aged between 18 and 75 years. Mobilization and harvesting of stem cells were performed by using GCSF or GCSF plus Plerixafor and large volume leukapheresis, respectively. A stem cell yield of ≥2 × 106 kg-1 and the number of apheresis procedures were primary efficacy endpoints, while the ideal stem cells yield >5 × 106 kg-1, the engraftment day and D100 response/graft sustainability were secondary endpoints. Result: The primary endpoint was achieved in all cases in both the groups by using a single LVL leukapheresis procedure. Fulfillment of all the secondary endpoints was satisfactory and comparable in both the groups. Age, pre-apheresis CD34+ count and number of interruptions during the LVL were significant factors influencing the stem cell yield (p < 0.05). Adverse drug reactions during the apheresis and post-ASCT period were manageable. Conclusion: The LVL is safe and cost-effective in attaining a minimum of CD34+ cells in a single procedure with manageable adverse reactions. Judicious intervention during the procedure may be helpful in ensuring the adequate yield.

Informe de evaluación científica basada en la evidencia disponible: mieloma múltiple / Scientific evaluation report based on available evidence: multiple myeloma

INTRODUCCIÓN: El mieloma múltiple (MM) se caracteriza por la proliferación neoplásica de células plasmáticas que producen una inmunoglobulina monoclonal, estas células plasmáticas proliferan en la médula ósea y, frecuentemente, dan como resultado una extensa destrucción esquelética con lesiones osteolíticas, osteopenia y / o fracturas patológicas. La sospecha diagnóstica se inicia, generalmente debido a la presencia de dolor óseo con lesiones líticas, aumento de la concentración sérica total de proteínas o presencia de una proteína monoclonal en orina o suero, signos o síntomas sistémicos sugestivos de malignidad como anemia inexplicada, hipercalcemia, insuficiencia renal aguda con un urinálisis suave o raramente el síndrome nefrótico debido a la amiloidosis de cadena ligera de inmunoglobulina concurrente, pudiendo presentarse de forma copulativa. Es importante distinguir MM tanto de otras causas de las presentaciones clínicas anteriores, como de otras discrasias de células plasmáticas, para fines de pronóstico y tratamento. TECNOLOGÍAS ANALIZADAS: Bortezomib / Daratumumab / Plerixafor / Lenalidomida / Bendamustina. EFICACIA DE LOS TRATAMIENTOS: -Bortezomib: La adición de bortezomib al tratamiento del mieloma múltiple disminuye la mortalidad. En cuanto a los efectos adversos, la adición de bortezomib aumenta el riesgo de éstos. ­ Daratumumab: La adición de daratumumab al tratamiento del mieloma múltiple podría disminuir la mortalidad, pero la certeza de la evidencia es baja. En cuanto a los efectos adversos, estos no son reportados. ­ Plerixafor: La adición de perixafor al tratamiento del mieloma múltiple podría tener poco o nulo efecto sobre la mortalidad, pero la certeza de la evidencia es baja. En cuanto a los efectos adversos la adición de plerixafor probablemente no se asocia a efectos adversos, o estos son mínimos. ­Lenalidomida: La adición de lenalidomida al tratamiento del mieloma múltiple probablemente no disminuye la mortalidad. En cuanto a los efectos adversos la adición de lenalidomida aumenta los estos efectos grado 3 y 4. ­Bendamustina: No se encontró evidencia sobre la eficacia de la adición de bendamustina al tratamiento del mieloma múltiple. En cuanto a los efectos adversos, tampoco se encontraron estudios que evaluaran la seguridad de la adición de bendamustina. ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO: Para Bortezomib se consideran los pacientes que logran una remisión completa de células cancerígenas, estimada aproximadamente en un 40%, junto con los que padecen mieloma múltiple y no logran remisión completa de la enfermedad, estimada aproximadamente en un 60% (2). Por lo que el impacto presupuestario proyectado para el año 2018 para pacientes que logran remisión y los que no remiten es de $MM 1.491 y $MM 4.473 respectivamente. Para Bendamustina se considera la cantidad de pacientes que logran una remisión completa de células cancerígenas, estimada aproximadamente en un 40%, junto con la población que padece mieloma múltiple y que son refractarios o tiene una recaída, estimada aproximadamente en un 60% (2). Esto traducido en cantidad de personas aproximadas es 163 y 245, respectivamente, por lo que se proyecta un impacto presupuestario para el año 2018 de $MM 971 para pacientes con remisión completa y de $MM 2.185 para pacientes refractarios al tratamiento. Para Daratumumab no se encuentra evidencia de evaluaciones económicas de este tratamiento para pacientes con mieloma múltiple. El impacto presupuestario proyectado para el año 2018 es de $MM 44.775. Para Lenalidomida se considera la cantidad de pacientes que con anterioridad cuenten con un tratamiento previo a tratarse con lenalidomida, para esto se considera al 60% de la población que desarrolla la enfermedad pero que con un primer diagnóstico no ha sido posible la remisión completa de su cuerpo. El número de personas correspondientes a este 60% es 245 (2). El impacto presupuestario proyectado para el año 2018 es de $MM 3.232. Para el tratamiento con Plerixafor, el impacto presupuestario proyectado para el año 2018 es de $MM 556. CONCLUSIÓN: Se hace presente que la oferta recibida en este Ministerio de Salud, contempla mecanismo de riesgo compartido, por lo que se sugiere que la CENABAST en una eventual compra, considere dicha modalidad contractual. Asimismo, cabe indicar que la determinaicón del Precio Máximo Industrial se ha ajustado a derecho. Por último y sin perjuicio de lo antes señalado, es dable agregar que, conforme al análisis efectuado al presente informe, éste se ajusta a derecho.

Silencing of CXCR4 Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation and Neural Invasion in Human Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate the expression of CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in the tissues of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (hilar-CCA) and to investigate the cell proliferation and frequency of neural invasion (NI) influenced by RNAi-mediated CXCR4 silencing. METHODS: An immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the expression of CXCR4 in 41 clinical tissues, including hilar-CCA, cholangitis, and normal bile duct tissues. The effects of small interference RNA (siRNA)-mediated CXCR4 silencing were detected in the hilar-CCA cell line QBC939. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT. Expression of CXCR4 was monitored by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The NI ability of hilar-CCA cells was evaluated using a perineural cell and hilar-CCA cell coculture migration assay. RESULTS: The expression of CXCR4 was significantly induced in clinical hilar-CCA tissue. There was a positive correlation between the expression of CXCR4 and lymph node metastasis/NI in hilar-CCA patients (p<0.05). Silencing of CXCR4 in tumor cell lines by siRNA led to significantly decreased NI (p<0.05) and slightly decreased cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: CXCR4 is likely correlated with clinical recurrence of hilar-CCA. CXCR4 is involved in the invasion and proliferation of human hilar-CCA cell line QBC939, indicating that CXCR4 could be a promising therapeutic target for hilar-CCA.

Effect of Endogenous Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells Induced by AMD-3100 on Expanded Ischemic Flap

The purpose of this study was to devise an expanded ischemic flap model and to investigate the role of AMD-3100 (Plerixafor, chemokine receptor 4 inhibitor) in this model by confirming its effect on mobilization of stem cells from the bone marrow. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used as an animal research model. The mobilization of stem cells from the bone marrow was confirmed in the AMD-3100-treated group. The fractions of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2+ cells in the peripheral blood were increased in groups treated with AMD-3100. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was increased in response to expansion or AMD injection. The expression of stromal cell derived factor (SDF)-1 and VEGFR2 were increased only in unexpanded flap treated with AMD-3100. Treatment with AMD-3100 increased both the number and area of blood vessels. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the survival area or physiologic microcirculation in rats from the other groups. This endogenous neovascularization induced by AMD-3100 may be a result of the increase in both the area and number of vessels, as well as paracrine augmentation of the expression of VEGF and EPCs. However, the presence of a tissue expander under the flap could block the neovascularization between the flap and the recipient regardless of AMD-3100 treatment and expansion.

Inhibitory effect of CXC chemokine receptor 4 antagonist AMD3100 on bleomycin induced murine pulmonary fibrosis

CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), which binds the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), has been shown to play a critical role in mobilizing the bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells and inflammatory cells. We studied the effects of AMD3100, CXCR4 antagonist, on a murine bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Treatment of mice with AMD3100 in bleomycin-treated mice resulted in the decrease of SDF-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids at an early stage and was followed by the decrease of fibrocytes in the lung. AMD3100 treatment decreased the SDF-1 mRNA expression, fibrocyte numbers in the lung at an early stage (day 3) and CXCR4 expression at the later stage (day 7 and 21) after bleomycin injury. The collagen content and pulmonary fibrosis were significantly attenuated by AMD3100 treatment in later stage of bleomycin injury. AMD3100 treatment also decreased the murine mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cell chemotaxis when either in the stimulation with bleomycin treated lung lysates or SDF-1 in vitro. In BM stem cell experiments, the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK which was induced by SDF-1 was significantly blocked by addition of AMD3100. Our data suggest that AMD3100 might be effective in preventing the pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the fibrocyte mobilization to the injured lung via blocking the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis.

Chemokines and chemokine receptors in HIV infection: role in pathogenesis and therapeutics.

Chemokines are known to function as regulatory molecules in leukocyte maturation, traffic, homing of lymphocytes and in the development of lymphoid tissues. Besides these functions in the immune system, certain chemokines and their receptors are involved in HIV pathogenesis. In order to infect a target cell, the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 has to interact with the cellular receptor CD-4 and co-receptor, CC or CXC chemokine receptors. Genetic findings have yielded major insights into the in vivo roles of individual co-receptors and their ligands in providing resistance to HIV infection. Mutations in chemokine receptor genes are associated with protection against HIV infections and also involved in delayed progression to AIDS in infected individuals. Blocking of chemokine receptors interrupts HIV infection in vitro and this offers new options for therapeutic strategies. Approaches have been made to study the CCR-5 inhibitors as antiviral therapies and possibly as components of a topical microbicide to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. Immune strategies aimed at generating anti-CCR-5 antibodies at the level of the genital mucosa might be feasible and represent a strategy to induce mucosal HIV- protective immunity. It also remains to be seen how these types of agents will act in synergy with existing HIV-1 targeted anti viral or those currently in developments. Beyond providing new perspectives in fundamental aspects of the HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis, chemokines and their receptors suggest new areas for developing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies against HIV infections. Studies in this review were identified through a search for relevant literature in the pubmed database of the national library of medicine. In this review, some developments in chemokine research with particular focus on their roles in HIV pathogenesis, resistance and therapeutic applications have been discussed.